Battery model and control application calibration systems and methods

ABSTRACT

One embodiment of the present disclose describes systems and methods responsible for reducing errors in a battery model used in the operation of a battery control system. The battery control system may operate based on a modeled response of the battery derived from the battery model. If the battery model is not calibrated/validated, errors in the battery model may propagate through the modeled response of the battery to the operation of the battery control system. A calibration current pulse may result in a different measured response of the battery than the modeled response of the battery to the same calibration current pulse. A validation technique, which uses a difference between the modeled response and the measured response of the battery to the calibration current pulse as a method to calibrate the battery model, may protect the battery control system from the contribution of errors from an uncalibrated battery model.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/338,966, entitled “BATTERY MODEL AND CONTROL APPLICATION CALIBRATIONSYSTEMS AND METHODS,” filed Apr. 2, 2019, issued as 11,527,780; which isa U.S. National Stage Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US17/56367, entitled “BATTERY MODEL AND CONTROLAPPLICATION CALIBRATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” filed Oct. 12, 2017; whichclaims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/407,487, entitled “METHODS FOR STATE-OF-FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED CELLMODEL VALIDATION,” filed Oct. 12, 2016; all of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure generally relates to battery systems and, morespecifically, to battery control systems utilized in battery systems.

This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects ofart that may be related to various aspects of the present techniques,which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed tobe helpful in providing the reader with background information tofacilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the presentdisclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statementsare to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.

Electrical systems often include a battery system to capture (e.g.,store) generated electrical energy and/or to supply electrical power. Infact, battery systems may be included in electrical systems utilized forvarious applications. For example, a stationary power system may includea battery system that receives electrical power output by an electricalgenerator and stores the electrical power as electrical energy. In thismanner, the battery system may supply electrical power to electricalloads using the stored electrical energy.

Additionally, an electrical system in an automotive vehicle may includea battery system that supplies electrical power, for example, to provideand/or supplement the motive force (e.g., power) of the automotivevehicle. For the purpose of the present disclosure, such automotivevehicles are referred to as xEV and may include any one, any variation,and/or any combination of the following type of automotive vehicles. Forexample, electric vehicles (EVs) may utilize a battery-powered electricpropulsion system (e.g., one or more motors) as the primary source ofvehicular motive force. As such, a battery system in an electric vehiclemay be implemented to supply electrical power to the battery-poweredelectric propulsion system. Additionally, hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) may utilize a combination of a battery-powered electricpropulsion system and an internal combustion engine propulsion system toproduce vehicular motive force. As such, a battery system may beimplemented to facilitate directly providing at least a portion of thevehicular motive force by supplying electrical power to thebattery-powered electric propulsion system.

Furthermore, micro-hybrid electric vehicles (mHEVs) may use an internalcombustion engine propulsion system as the primary source of vehicularmotive force, but may utilize the battery system to implement“Stop-Start” techniques. In particular, a mHEV may disable the internalcombustion engine when idling and crank (e.g., restart) the internalcombustion engine when propulsion is desired. To facilitate implementingsuch techniques, the battery system may continue supplying electricalpower while the internal combustion engine is disabled and supplyelectrical power to crank the internal combustion engine. In thismanner, the battery system may indirectly supplement providing thevehicular motive force.

To facilitate controlling its operation, a battery system often includesa battery control system, for example, that determines a battery state,such as state-of-function (SoF), state-of-health (SoH), and/or state ofcharge (SoC). In some instances, charging and/or discharging of abattery (e.g., battery module, battery pack, or battery cell) may becontrolled based at least in part on a corresponding battery statedetermined by the battery control system. For example, magnitude ofcurrent and/or voltage supplied to charge the battery may be controlledbased at least in part on a charging power limit indicated by itscorresponding state-of-function. Thus, at least in some instances,accuracy of a battery state determination by a battery control systemmay affect operational stability and/or operational efficiency of itscorresponding battery system.

SUMMARY

A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. Itshould be understood that these aspects are presented merely to providethe reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and thatthese aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure.Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may notbe set forth below.

In one embodiment, a system may include an automotive battery systemhaving a sensor configured to determine sensor data indicative of ameasured operational parameter of a battery cell in the automotivebattery system. The system may also include a battery control systemcommunicatively coupled to the sensor. The battery control system maydetermine a measured battery state by executing a control applicationbased at least in part on the measured operational parameter. The systemmay also include a design device communicatively coupled to theautomotive battery system. The design device may include a processorprogrammed to determine a modeled operational parameter by supplying acalibration current pulse to a battery model corresponding with thebattery cell, determine a modeled battery state by executing a controlapplication based at least in part on the modeled operational parameter,and adjust model parameters of the battery model, the controlapplication, or both based at least in part on difference between themodeled operational parameter and the measured operational parameter,difference between the modeled battery state and the measured batterystate, or both.

In another embodiment, a method to calibrate a battery control systemusing a design device may involve determining a calibration currentpulse and instructing, a battery system corresponding with the batterycontrol system to supply the calibration current pulse to a batterypack. The method may also involve determining, using the design device,a measured response of the battery pack resulting from supply of thecalibration current pulse to the battery pack based at least in part onsensor data received from one or more sensors and supplying, using thedesign device, the calibration current pulse to a battery modelcorresponding with the battery pack. The method may also involvedetermining a modeled response resulting from supply of the calibrationcurrent pulse to the battery model and adjusting model parameters of thebattery model, a control application used to determine the modeledresponse, or both when the difference between the measured response andthe modeled response is greater than a difference threshold. The methodmay also include storing, using the design device, the battery model,the control application, or both in the battery control system to enablesubsequent use during operation of the battery system when differencebetween the measured response and the modeled response is not greaterthan the difference threshold.

In yet another embodiment, a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readablemedium storing instructions executable by one or more processors of adesign device, wherein the instruction comprise instructions todetermine a calibration current pulse, to instruct a battery systemcorresponding with the battery control system to supply the calibrationcurrent pulse to a battery pack, to determine a measured response of thebattery pack resulting from supply of the calibration current pulsebased at least in part on sensor data received from one or more sensors,to supply the calibration current pulse to a battery model correspondingwith the battery pack, to determine a modeled response resulting fromsupply of the calibration current pulse to the battery model, to adjustmodel parameters of the battery model, a control application used todetermine the modeled response, or both when difference between themeasured response and the modeled response is greater than a differencethreshold, and to store, using the one or more processors, the batterymodel, the control application, or both in the battery control system toenable subsequent use during operation of the battery system whendifference between the measured response and the modeled response is notgreater than the difference threshold.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of the present disclosure may be better understood uponreading the following detailed description and upon reference to thedrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an automotive vehicle including abattery system, in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the battery system of FIG. 1 including abattery control system, in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the battery control system of FIG. 2communicatively coupled with a design device, in accordance with anembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram corresponding with a battery model stored inthe battery control system of FIG. 3 , in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process for operating the battery systemof FIG. 2 , in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a process for calibrating and/or validatinga battery model and a control application, in accordance with anembodiment;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a process for determining a modeled batteryresponse, in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a process for determining a measured batteryresponse, in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of matching degree between modeledbattery responses and measured battery responses to first calibrationcurrent pulses, in accordance with an embodiment; and

FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of matching degree between modeledbattery responses and measured battery responses to second calibrationcurrent pulses, in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will bedescribed below. These described embodiments are only examples of thepresently disclosed techniques. Additionally, in an effort to provide aconcise description of these embodiments, all features of an actualimplementation may not be described in the specification. It should beappreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation,as in any engineering or design project, numerousimplementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve thedevelopers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related andbusiness-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation toanother. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a developmenteffort might be complex and time consuming, but may nevertheless be aroutine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those ofordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.

When introducing elements of various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean thatthere are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,”“including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean thatthere may be additional elements other than the listed elements.Additionally, it should be understood that references to “oneembodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are notintended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additionalembodiments that also incorporate the recited features.

Generally, a battery systems may be implemented to capture (e.g., store)electrical energy generated by one or more electrical generators and/orto supply electrical power to one or more electrical loads using storedelectrical energy. Leveraging these benefits, one or more battery systemare often included in an electrical system. In fact, battery systems maybe utilized in electrical systems implemented for a wide-variety oftarget applications, for example, ranging from stationary power systemsto vehicular (e.g., automotive) electrical systems.

In any case, to facilitate controlling its operation, a battery systemoften includes a battery control system. In some instances, chargingand/or discharging of a battery (e.g., battery module, battery pack, orbattery cell) in the battery system may be controlled based at least inpart on corresponding battery states, for example, in coordination witha higher-level (e.g., vehicle) control system. Thus, to facilitatecontrolling operation of the battery system, its battery control systemmay determine battery states by executing corresponding controlapplications based at least in part on operational parameters (e.g.,voltage, current, and/or temperature) of the battery.

For example, based at least in part on current flow through the battery,the battery control system may execute a state-of-charge (SoC)application to determine (e.g., predict or estimate) open circuitvoltage (OCV) of the battery. Additionally or alternatively, based atleast in part on current and/or voltage of a battery, the batterycontrol system may execute a state-of-health (SoH) application todetermine internal resistance of the battery. Additionally oralternatively, based at least in part on temperature and/or internalresistance of a battery, the battery control system may execute astate-of-function (SoF) application to determine a power (e.g., voltageand/or current) limit for charging and/or discharging the battery.

Thus, to facilitate determining real-time (e.g., measured or actual)battery states, a battery control system may determine operationalparameters of the battery system based at least in part on sensor datareceived from one or more sensors. In other words, the battery controlsystem may determine measured (e.g., actual) operational parameters ofthe battery system based at least in part on sensor measurements. Tofacilitate further improving operation of a battery system, in someinstances, its battery control system may predict (e.g., estimate)battery states based at least in part on operational parametersdetermined via a battery (e.g., pack or cell) model, for example, tofacilitate selecting between candidate control strategies (e.g.,actions) for implementation during a control horizon (e.g., one or moresubsequent time steps). In other words, the battery control system mayadditionally or alternatively determine modeled (e.g., predicted)operational parameters of the battery system based at least in part onthe battery model.

Based at least in part on battery state, in some instances, a batterycontrol system may directly control operation of a corresponding batterysystem by outputting control commands (e.g., signals or data) thatinstruct the battery system to perform one or more control actions. Forexample, the battery control system may output a control command thatinstructs a switching device electrically coupled between a battery inthe battery system and an electrical generator (e.g., alternator) toswitch from a closed (e.g., electrically connected) position to an open(e.g., electrically disconnected) position when state-of-charge of thebattery exceeds a state-of-charge threshold. Additionally oralternatively, a battery control system may facilitate controllingoperation of a corresponding battery system by communicating dataindicative of battery state to a higher-level control system, which isimplemented to control operation of one or more devices (e.g., equipmentor machines) external from the battery system. For example, based atleast in part on data indicative of battery state-of-function (e.g.,charge power limit), a vehicle control unit may output a control commandthat instructs an alternator to adjust current and/or voltage ofelectrical power output to the battery system.

Thus, at least in some instances, operation of a battery system may becontrolled in different manners when different battery states and/ordifferent operational parameters are determined. As such, when operationof a battery system is controlled based on battery state determined byits battery control system, accuracy of a predicted (e.g., modeled)battery state relative to a corresponding real-time (e.g., measured)battery state and/or accuracy of a modeled operational parameterrelative to a measured operational parameter may affect operationalreliability and/or operational efficiency of the battery system. Forexample, when greater than an actual charge power limit, supplyingelectrical power to a battery in accordance with a determined chargepower limit may decrease subsequent lifespan and, thus, reliability ofthe battery. Additionally or alternatively, when less than an actualstate-of-charge, disconnecting electrical power from a battery based ona determined state-of-charge may decrease amount of captured electricalenergy and, thus, operational efficiency of the battery system.

In some instances, modeled operational parameters of a battery systemmay differ from measured operational parameters, for example, due toinaccuracies in the battery model. Thus, a modeled battery statedetermined based on the modeled operational parameters may also differfrom a measured battery state determined based on the measuredoperational parameters. Moreover, in some instances, the modeled batterystate and the measured battery state may differ due to inaccuracies in acorresponding control application. At least in some instances,controlling operation when such discrepancies occur may affectoperational reliability and/or operational efficiency of a batterysystem, for example, by resulting in a battery module being electricallydisconnected before being charged up to the state-of-charge threshold,thereby limiting energy storage provided by the battery system and/orability of the battery system to subsequently crank an internalcombustion engine.

Accordingly, the present disclosure provides techniques to facilitateimproving operation of a battery system, for example, via offlinecalibration that improves degree of matching between a modeledoperational parameter and a measured operational parameter and/or degreeof matching between a modeled battery state and a measured batterystate. In some embodiments, a design device may calibrate a battery(e.g., cell) model and/or a control application to be implemented in abattery control system, for example, before deployment in an automotivevehicle or a stationary power system. After calibration has beenvalidated, the battery model and/or the control application may bestored in the battery control system to enable the battery controlsystem to utilize the battery model and/or the control applicationduring operation of the battery system (e.g., online).

In some embodiments, the design device may calibrate by comparingmodeled responses to one or more calibration current pulses withcorresponding measured responses to the one or more calibration currentpulses. In such embodiments, the design device may determine thecalibration current pulses based at least in part on current pulsesexpected to occur during charging and/or discharging of the battery. Todetermine the modeled response to a calibration current pulse, thedesign device may supply the calibration current pulse to the batterymodel, thereby enabling the design device to determine modeledoperational parameters from the battery model and corresponding modeledbattery states by executing control applications based at least in parton the modeled operational parameters. On the other hand, to determinethe measured response to a calibration current pulse, the design devicemay instruct the battery system to supply the calibration current pulseto its battery, thereby enabling the design device to determine measuredoperational parameters from sensors coupled to the battery andcorresponding measured battery states by executing control applicationsbased at least in part on the measured operational parameters.

Based at least in part on a comparison between the modeled response andthe measured response, in some embodiments, the design device mayautonomously adjust the battery model and/or a control application.Additionally or alternatively, the design device may facilitate manualtuning (e.g., calibration) of the battery model and/or the controlapplication, for example, by displaying a visual representation (e.g.,color coded) of matching degree between the measured responses and themodeled responses. Since matching degree may vary with initialoperational parameters of the battery and/or parameters (e.g., durationand/or magnitude) of the calibration current pulse, in some embodiments,the visual representation may be included on a user selectable agraphical user interface (GUI), for example, that enables a user to finetune the battery model and/or the control application under specificsets of conditions.

The design device may validate the battery model and/or the controlapplication when difference between a modeled response and a measuredresponse is less than a difference threshold. After validation, thebattery model and/or the control application may be stored in thebattery system and, more particularly, its battery control system. Inthis manner, the battery control system may utilize the validatedbattery model and/or the control application online to facilitatecontrolling operation of the battery system, which at least in someinstances may facilitate improving operational reliability and/oroperational efficiency of the battery system and, thus, an electricalsystem in which the battery system is implemented.

To help illustrate, an automotive vehicle 10 with an electrical system,which includes a battery system 12, is shown in FIG. 1 . Discussion withregard to the automotive vehicle 10 is merely intended to helpillustrate the techniques of the present disclosure and not to limitscope of the techniques. The automotive vehicle 10 may include thebattery system 12 and an additional automotive electrical system thatmay control a vehicle console, an electric motor, and/or a generator. Insome cases, the battery system 12 may include some or all of theautomotive electrical system. For sake of discussion, the battery system12 is electrically coupled to the automotive electrical systemdiscussed. In some embodiments, the automotive vehicle 10 may be an xEV,which utilized the battery system 12 to provide and/or supplementvehicular motive force, for example, used to accelerate and/ordecelerate the automotive vehicle 10. In other embodiments, theautomotive vehicle 10 may be a traditional automotive vehicle 10 thatproduces vehicular motive force, for example, using an internalcombustion engine to accelerate and/or frictional breaks to decelerate.

A more detailed view of the battery system 12 and the automotiveelectrical system in the automotive vehicle 10 is shown in FIG. 2 . Asillustrated, the battery system 12 includes a battery control system 14and one or more battery modules 16. Additionally, the automotiveelectrical system may include a vehicle console 18 and a heating,ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system 20. In some embodiments,the automotive electrical system may additionally or alternativelyinclude a mechanical energy source 22 (e.g., an electric motor)operating in a motor mode.

Additionally, in the depicted automotive vehicle 10, the automotiveelectrical system may include an electrical source. As illustrated, theelectrical source in this embodiment of the automotive electrical systemis an alternator 24. The alternator 24 may convert mechanical energygenerated by the mechanical energy source 22 (e.g., an internalcombustion engine and/or rotating wheels) into electrical energy. Insome embodiments, the electrical source may additionally oralternatively include the mechanical energy source 22 (e.g., an electricmotor) operating in a generator mode.

As depicted, the automotive vehicle 10 includes a vehicle control system26. In some embodiments, the vehicle control system 26 may generallycontrol operation of the automotive vehicle 10, which includes theautomotive electrical system. Thus, in the depicted automotive vehicle10, the vehicle control system 26 may supervise the battery controlsystem 14, the battery modules 16, the HVAC 20, the alternator 24, thevehicle console 18, and the mechanical energy source 22, making thevehicle control system 26 similar to a supervisory control system.However, the vehicle control system 26 may additionally controloperation of other components other than the components of theautomotive electrical system, such as an internal combustion enginepropulsion system.

In some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may additionally oralternatively control operation of the battery system 12. For example,the battery control system 14 may determine operational parameters ofbattery modules 16, coordinate operation of multiple battery modules 16,communicate control commands instructing the battery system 12 toperform control actions, and/or communicate with the vehicle controlsystem 26.

To facilitate controlling operation of the battery system 12, thebattery control system 14 may include a processor 28 and memory 30. Insome embodiments, the memory 30 may include a tangible, non-transitory,computer readable medium that stores data, such as instructionsexecutable by the processor 28, results (e.g., operational parameters)determined by the processor 28, and/or information (e.g., operationalparameters) to be analyzed/processed by the processor 28. Thus, in suchembodiments, the memory 30 may include random access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), rewritable non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory),hard drives, optical discs, and the like. Additionally, the processor 28may include one or more general purpose processing units, processingcircuitry, and/or logic circuitry. For example, the processor 28 mayinclude one or more microprocessors, one or more application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), and/or one or more field programmable logicarrays (FPGAs).

Additionally, to facilitate the storing and supplying of electricalpower, the battery system 12 may include one or more battery modules 16.In some embodiments, storage capacity of the battery system 12 may bebased at least in part on number of battery modules 16. Additionally, insome embodiments, operational compatibility of the battery system 12with the automotive electrical system may be based at least in part onconfiguration of the battery modules 16, for example, in series and/orin parallel to operate in a target voltage domain. According, in someembodiments, implementation (e.g., number and/or configuration) of thebattery modules 16 and, thus, the battery system 12 may vary based atleast in part on configuration and/or target application of theautomotive electrical system.

In some embodiments, the number and/or configuration of battery modules16 of the battery system 12 may vary based at least in part on targetapplication. For example, in the depicted automotive vehicle 10, thebattery system 12 includes one battery module 16. It is noted that thebattery system 12 may include multiple battery modules 16 to facilitateoperational compatibility with multiple voltage domains. For example, afirst battery module 16 may operate (e.g., receive and/or supply) usingelectrical power in a first (e.g., high or 48 volt) voltage domain. Onthe other hand, a second battery module, not depicted, may operate usingelectrical power in a second (e.g., low or 12 volt) voltage domain. Inother words, in other embodiments, the battery system 12 may include twoor more battery modules 16.

In any case, each battery module 16 may include one or more batterycells 32 connected in series and/or parallel with terminals of thebattery module 16. In particular, a battery cell 32 may store electricalenergy and/or output electrical power via one or more electro-chemicalreactions. For example, in some embodiments, the battery cells 32 mayinclude lithium-ion battery cells, lead-acid battery cells, or both.

In some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may monitor operationof the battery module 16 via one or more sensors 34. A sensor 34 maytransmit sensor data to the battery control system 14 indicative ofreal-time (e.g., measured) operational parameters of the battery modules16. Thus, in some embodiments, a battery system may include one or morevoltage sensors, one or more temperature sensors, and/or a variety ofadditional or alternative sensors. For example, in the depictedembodiment, the battery control system 14 may receive sensor data fromthe sensor 34 indicative of the voltage (e.g., terminal voltage) of thebattery module 16. The battery control system 14 may process the sensordata based on instructions stored in memory 30.

For example, the battery control system 14 may store a battery model 42and a control application 44 as executable instructions in memory 30 asillustrated in FIG. 3 . As discussed above, the battery control system14 may execute the control application 44 to determine the state of thebattery module 16 and/or the state of the battery system 12. For examplethe battery control system 14 may execute a state-of-function (SoF)control application 44 to determine a discharge current limit and/or acharge current limit based at least in part on a terminal voltageindicated by sensor data received from the sensor 34. Based on thecontrol application 44, the battery control system 14 may instruct thebattery system 12 to perform one or more control actions and/or operatein different manners. For example, the battery control system 14 mayinstruct a switching device to electrically disconnect if a determineddischarge current exceeds a threshold stored in memory 30.

In some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may use the batterymodel 42 to predict the operation of the battery module 16 and/or thebattery system 12. It is noted that while the battery model 42 may modelthe behavior of the battery system 12, the battery cells 32, and/or thebattery modules 16, for ease of discussion the embodiment of the batterymodule 16 will be described. Application requirements may determine whatspecific battery model 42 best models the battery module 16 as long asthe battery model 42 is computationally facile while having a highdegree of accuracy and predictive capability.

As such, the battery control system 14 may use the battery model 42 toprovide modeled operational parameters in addition or as alternative tooperational parameters measured by a sensor 34. The battery controlsystem 14 may input indications of certain operational parameters to thebattery model 42. Through inputting particular operational parameters tothe battery model 42, the battery control system 14 receives indicationsof parameters outputs. For example, the battery control system 14 mayreceive a terminal voltage measurement from the sensor 34 and using thatterminal voltage measurement in the battery model 42, may receive avalue for the open circuit voltage as an output from the battery model42. In some embodiments, using the battery model 42 to predict and/ormodel battery module 16 behavior may facilitate reducing implementationassociated cost, for example, by enabling a reduction in number ofsensors 34 implemented in a battery system 12.

The memory 30 may store a variety of battery models 42. The one or moreof the variety of the battery models 42 may predict the operation of thebattery module 16 alone or in combination. Through the battery controlsystem 14 controlling the battery system 12 based on the modeledparameters, any errors in the battery model 42 or the modeled parametersmay propagate into the behavior of the battery system 12. Therefore, adesign device 46 may perform a calibration of the battery model 42 toreduce errors in the battery model 42.

In some embodiments, the design device 46 may calibrate the batterymodel 42 by adjusting model parameters of the battery model 42 until aparticular set of model parameters and the battery model 42 respond in asimilar manner as the battery module 16 to the same input. To accomplishthis, the design device 46 may include a processor 48, similar to theprocessor 28, memory 50, similar to the memory 30, and one or moreinput/output (I/O) devices 52. Thus, the design device 46 may be anysuitable electronic device, such as a handheld computing device, atablet computing device, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, aworkstation computer, a cloud-based computing device, or any combinationof such devices. The memory 50 may store instructions executable by theprocessor 48 and/or data to be processed (e.g., analyzed) by theprocessor 48. In some embodiments, the processor 48 may include one ormore general-purpose microprocessors, one or more application specificprocessors (ASICs), one or more field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs),or any combination thereof, similar to processor 28.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, I/O devices 52 may enable the designdevice 46 to interface with various other electronic devices. Forexample, the I/O devices 52 may communicatively couple the design device46 via a communication coupling 53. The communication coupling 53 mayinclude a communication network, such as a personal area network (PAN),a local area network (LAN), and/or a wide area network (WAN), therebyenabling the design device 46 to communicate with another electronicdevice communicatively coupled to the communication network.Additionally or alternatively, the communication coupling 53 may use acommunication (e.g., serial or parallel) cable, thereby enabling thedesign device 46 to communicate with another electronic devicecommunicatively coupled to the communication cable.

In any case, in some embodiments, communication between the designdevice 46 and the battery control system 14 via communication coupling53, as depicted, may facilitate determining model parameters of thebattery model 42 through validation. When the validation completes, thebattery control system 14 may use the determined model parameters in thebattery model 42 independent of the design device 46. In other words,the battery control system 14 may use the battery model 42 with thedetermined model parameters while the automotive vehicle 10 operates andwithout the connection to the design device 46 via the communicationcoupling 53. The battery model 42 may determine the particular set ofmodel parameters that the design device 46 is to validate.

FIG. 4 illustrates the battery model 42 of the battery module 16 as aresistor capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model. In this way, thebattery model 42 may represent a battery (e.g., one or more ofindividual battery cells 38, one or more of battery modules 16, batterysystem 12). The battery model 42 relates the model parameters (e.g., aresistance 56, a resistance 58, and a capacitance 62) to the operationalparameters (e.g., terminal voltage 54, terminal current, and batterytemperature) measured by one or more sensor 34. Additionally, thebattery model 42 may provide a mechanism to estimate the parameters ofthe battery model 42 (e.g., open circuit voltage 60) in real-time duringoperation of the automotive vehicle 10.

In the battery model 42, the resistance 58 (e.g., R₀) may represent anohmic resistance of a current path of the battery module 16, theresistance 56 (e.g., R₁) may represent a charge transfer resistance ofthe battery module 16, and the capacitance 62 (e.g., C₁) may represent adouble layer capacitance of the battery module 16. In the battery model42, the resistances 56 and 58 and the capacitance 62 are generallydesign parameters of the battery module 16 which depend on an initialopen circuit voltage, an initial temperature, and an initial currentmagnitude and direction. Alternatively, the open circuit voltage 60,used to determine the state of the battery module 16, is generally aparameter of the battery module 16 that may depend on a finaltemperature and a final current magnitude and direction, both determinedfrom the design parameters and the operational parameters applied to thebattery model 42. That is, as the battery module 16 is charged anddischarged over a time, the open circuit voltage 60 may increase anddecrease over the time. In this way, the accuracy of the battery model42, and subsequently the accuracy of the open circuit voltage 60parameter, may increase through validation of the model parameters dueto the dependence of the value of the parameter upon the modelparameters. Through this, the battery model 42 with validated modelparameters may more accurately model the battery module 16 than abattery model 42 model parameters, for example, compared to beforecalibration and/or validation.

To help illustrate, an example of a process 70 for using operationalparameters of the battery (e.g., battery module 16) to control thebehavior of the battery is described in FIG. 5 . Generally, the process70 includes determining operational parameters of the battery (processblock 72), determining parameters of the battery model based on theoperational parameters (process block 74), determining the state of thebattery by executing control application based on model parameters(process block 76), and controlling the charging and/or discharging ofthe battery based on the battery state (process block 78). In someembodiments, the process 70 may be implemented by executing instructionsstored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such thememory 30, using processing circuitry, such as the processor 28.

Thus, in some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may determinethe operational parameters of the battery (process block 72). Thebattery control system 14 may receive signals indicative of theoperational parameters to the processor 28 and/or to memory 30 from thesensor 34. For example, the battery control system 14 may receivesignals indicative of a terminal voltage 54, a terminal current, and atemperature of the battery from the sensor 34. The type of measurementthe battery control system 14 receives from the sensor 34 depends on thetype of measurements used in the battery model 42. One battery model 42may utilize one set of operational parameters and a second battery modelmay utilize a second set of operational parameters.

After the battery control system 14 receives the operational parameters,the battery control system 14 may determine the parameters of thebattery model 42 based on the operational parameters (process block 74).The parameters of the battery model 42 may be the values that thebattery control system 14 uses to determine the state of the battery. Inthis manner, the parameters of the battery model 42 may facilitatedetermining parameters based on the directly measured operationalparameters. For example, as discussed above, the battery control system14 may determine (e.g., calculate) the open circuit voltage 60 (e.g.,the parameter of the battery model 42) from the terminal voltage 54, theterminal current, and the operating temperature (e.g., the operationalparameters of the battery module 16).

After the design device 46 determines the parameters of the batterymodel 42, the battery control system 14 may determine the state of thebattery by executing the control application 44 based on the modelparameters (process block 76). The control application 44 maymathematically or otherwise represent a relationship and/or correlationbetween the state of the battery module 16, the parameters of thebattery model 42, and the operational parameters of the battery module16. In some embodiments, a state-of-function (SoF) control application44 may be executed using values for the terminal voltage 54, theresistances 56 and 58, and the open circuit voltage 60 to determine adischarge current limit and/or a charge current limit. In thoseembodiments, a difference between the open circuit voltage 60 and theterminal voltage 54 may be divided by a sum of resistances 56 and 58 todetermine a discharge and/or charge current limit.

Through executing the control application 44, the battery control system14 may determine the state of the battery. Examples of possibleapplications saved as the control application 44 include but not limitedto the SoF application, a state-of-health (SoH) application, and astate-of-charge (SoC) application. The SoF application, as describedearlier, may determine the battery discharge and/or a charge currentlimit state. The SoH application may determine a general state of healthof the battery, as in, how well suited the battery state is fordelivering the stored electrical power. The SoC application maydetermine a percentage charged for the battery state. That is, the SoCapplication may determine the amount of stored energy in the batterydivided by the total energy storage capacity of the battery. Using thedetermined battery state, the battery control system 14 may control theoperation of the battery

A control system (e.g., battery control system 14 and/or vehicle controlsystem 26) may control operation of the battery through decisions and/oractions based on the determined battery state. As discussed earlier, thebattery state may be determined from the battery model 42 and thecontrol application 44. Errors in the battery control system 14 (e.g.,sensor 34 measurement errors, battery model 42 errors, and/or controlapplication 44 errors) may propagate through and affect operationalcontrol of the battery. Of the listed examples, the design device 46 mayoperate to correct and/or reduce the battery model 42 and/or controlapplication 44 errors through the determined model parameters.Determined model parameters of the battery model 42 may facilitateachieving a particular model response. Therefore, the design device 46may operate to improve, calibrate, and/or validate the battery model 42through validation of model parameters before the deployment of thebattery control system 14.

To help illustrate, an example of a process 80 for calibrating and/orvalidating a battery model 42 is described in FIG. 6 . Generally, theprocess 80 includes determining the calibration current pulses (processblock 82), determining the modeled response of the battery to thecalibration current pulses (process block 84), determining the measuredresponse of the battery to the calibration current pulses (process block86), and determining if a difference between the modeled and measuredresponse of the battery exceeds a threshold (decision block 88). If thethreshold is exceeded, adjusting the battery model and/or the controlapplication based on the difference (process block 90) and determiningfor an additional time the modeled response of the battery to thecalibration pulses. If the threshold is not exceeded, indicating thevalidity of the battery model and control application (process block92). In some embodiments, the process 80 may be implemented by executinginstructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readablemedium, such as the memory 50, using processing circuitry, such as theprocessor 48.

Thus, in some embodiments, the design device 46 may determine thecalibration current pulses (process block 82). In some embodiments, acalibration current pulse may a controlled input with definedcharacteristics, which the design device 46 uses to determine how closethe response of the battery model 42 is to the response of the batteryto the same input. Different characteristics may define the calibrationcurrent pulse, such as a value for the initial percent charged of thebattery, a value for the initial battery temperature, a value for theduration of time of the current pulse, and a value of the currenttransmitted through the pulse. The design device 46 may select thecalibration current pulse from one of multiple candidate current pulses.The design device 46 may derive the calibration current pulse fromhybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) pulse data during themeasurement of dynamic power capability during both discharge and chargeevents. Additionally or alternatively, the design device 46 may derivethe calibration current pulse from expected/estimated driving profile.

To elaborate, particular current pulse profiles may occur often duringactual operation of the battery. In this way, a calibration/validationmethod may include using a calibration current pulse that mimics a morelikely to occur current pulse than one that is less likely to occurduring operation of the battery. For example, in an expected/estimateddriving profile, the average operation of the battery may be less likelyto involve rapidly accelerating for a long period of time and may bemore likely that the average operation involves rapidly accelerating fora short period of time. Thus, the calibration current pulse may mimicthe pulse that corresponds to rapidly accelerating for a short period oftime, and thus may be prioritized to ensure that the model is accuratelyrepresenting the more often occurring current pulse during operation.

After a calibration current pulse is determined, the design device 46may determine the modeled response of the battery to the calibrationpulse (process block 84). To help illustrate, an example of a process100 for determining the modeled response of the battery to a calibrationpulse is described in FIG. 7 . Generally, the process 100 includessupplying a calibration current pulse to the battery model (processblock 102), determining modeled battery operational parameters (processblock 104), and determining modeled battery state by executing a controlapplication based on the battery model (process block 106). In someembodiments, the process 100 may be implemented by executinginstructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readablemedium, such as the memory 50, using processing circuitry, such as theprocessor 48.

Thus, in some embodiments, the design device 46 may supply thecalibration current pulse to the battery model 42, for example, via thebattery control system 14 (process block 102). The design device 46 maytransmit an indication of the calibration current pulse to the batterymodel 42 via communication coupling 53 and the battery control system14. The battery control system 14 receives the indication of thecalibration current pulse via the communication coupling 53. Through theprocessor 28, the battery control system 14 applies a signal indicativeof the calibration current pulse (e.g., has the same characteristics aswere transmitted/defined by the design device 46) to the battery model42. The battery model 42 receives the signal indicative of thecalibration current pulse at the terminals as a modeled current (e.g.,terminal current).

Additionally, the battery control system 14 may determine the modeledbattery operational parameters after receiving indication of thecalibration current pulse (process block 104). For example, the batterycontrol system 14 may apply the calibration current pulse to the batterymodel 42 to determine modeled operational parameters (e.g., terminalvoltage 54). The battery control system 14 may apply the operationalparameters to determine the parameters of the battery model 42. Thebattery control system 14, to successfully determine the parameters ofthe battery model 42, may retrieve values for the initial modelparameters from the memory 30. Additionally or alternatively, thebattery control system 14 may receive indication from the design device46 via the communication coupling 53 for the initial model parameters.Through the battery model 42 and the initial model parameters, thecalibration current pulse results in modeled parameters of the battery(e.g., open circuit voltage 60). The battery control system 14 viaprocessor 28 may store the modeled parameters of the battery model 42necessary to determine the battery state through the control application44 as the battery model 42 parameters in the memory 30.

Based on the battery model parameters, the battery control system 14 maydetermine the modeled battery state by executing the control application44 (process block 106). The battery control system 14 may execute thecontrol application 44 via processor 28. The executed controlapplication 44 uses the parameters, the operational parameters, and themodel parameters to determine the battery state (e.g., discharge and/orcharge current limit). The battery control system 14 may transmit themodeled battery state via the communication coupling 53 to the designdevice 46. Additionally, the design device 46 may store the modeledbattery state into memory 50 for future processing. The modeled batterystate stored in memory is the modeled response of the battery to thecalibration pulses.

Returning to the process 80 of FIG. 6 , in this manner described withthe process 100, the design device 46 determines the modeled response ofthe battery to the calibration pulses. As described above, the modeledresponse of the battery to the calibration pulses may be comparedagainst a measured response of the battery to the calibration pulses asa method to validate a battery model 42. Thus, the design device 46 maydetermine the measured response of the battery to the calibration pulse(process block 86).

To help illustrate, an example of a process 110 for determining themeasured response of the battery to the calibration pulse is describedin FIG. 8 . Generally, the process 110 includes supplying a calibrationcurrent pulse to a battery (process block 112), determining measuredbattery operational parameters (process block 114), and determining ameasured battery state (process block 106). In some embodiments, theprocess 110 may be implemented by executing instructions stored in atangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium, such as the memory50, using processing circuitry, such as the processor 48.

Thus, in some embodiments, the battery control system 14 may supply thecalibration current pulse to the battery (process block 112). The designdevice 46 may transmit an indication of the calibration current pulse tothe battery control system 14 via the communication coupling 53. Afterthe battery control system 14 receives the indication, the batterycontrol system 14 may instruct the battery system 12 and/or anelectrical system to supply the calibration current pulse to thebattery. The calibration current pulse delivered to the battery has thesame characteristics as the calibration current pulse transmitted to thebattery model 42. In this way, design device 46 may compare theresponses from the battery model 42 and the battery and adjust thebattery model 42 to better fit the battery response. To determine theresponse from the battery, the battery control system 14 may determinethe operational parameters of the battery.

The battery control system 14 may determine the measured batteryoperational parameters through communication with one or more sensors 34(process block 114). After the calibration current pulse transmits, thesensors 34 may indicate battery operational parameters via sensor data.The battery operational parameters measured by the sensor 34 may matchthe operational parameters in type of measurement (e.g., voltagemeasurement, temperature measurement). The sensor 34 may transmitsignals indicative of the measurement to the battery control system 14.The battery control system 14 may store the indications of themeasurement in the memory 30 for future retrieval.

After the battery control system 14 determines the measured batteryoperational parameters, the battery control system 14 may determine themeasured battery state (process block 116). The battery control system14 may determine the measured battery state either through directmeasurement or through calculation via measured values. For example, thebattery control system 14 may determine the battery state either througha power measurement or through coulomb (e.g., current) counting methodstypically used for battery state determinations.

Additionally or alternatively, the battery control system 14 maydetermine the battery state through measuring the battery model 42parameters directly (e.g., parameters, operational parameters, modelparameters). The executed control application 44 may use the batterymodel 42 parameters to determine the battery state. The battery controlsystem 14 may transmit the determined measured battery state viacommunication coupling 53 to the design device 46. The design device 46may store the measured battery state into memory 50 for furtherprocessing. The measured battery state stored in memory 50 is themeasured response of the battery to the calibration current pulses.

Returning to the process 80 of FIG. 6 , in this manner described withthe process 110, the design device 46 may determine the measuredresponse of the battery to the calibration pulses. As described above,the modeled response of the battery to the calibration pulses may becompared against a measured response of the battery to the calibrationpulses as a method to validate a battery model 42. After the designdevice 46 determines the measured response of the battery to thecalibration pulse, the design device 46 may determine if the differencebetween the measured response and the modeled response of the batteryexceed a difference threshold (decision block 88).

The design device 46 may determine if the difference between themeasured response and the modeled response of the battery exceed athreshold through comparing the difference to the threshold stored inthe memory 50. If the battery was an ideal electrical system, the designdevice 46 may determine if the measured response is the same as themodeled response. Due to electrical and physical variations, the designdevice 46 may use a tolerance threshold to determine if the differencebetween the measured and modeled responses exceeds the threshold (e.g.,defined range). The processor 48 may store the threshold in tangiblememory in memory 50. The processor 48 may read the threshold from memory50 in preparation for the comparison via the processor 48.

If the difference exceeds the threshold, the design device 46 adjuststhe battery model 42 and/or control application 44 based on thedifference (process block 90). The design device 46 may adjust thebattery model 42 and/or control application 44 based on the differenceor based on programmed methods of adjusting the battery model 42 and/orcontrol application 44. In this way, a difference between the measuredbattery state and the modeled battery state that exceeds the thresholdby a large margin may result in a larger adjustment than a differentthat only exceeds the threshold by a small margin. Adjustments to thebattery model 42 and/or calibration model 44 are made through theadjusting of the model parameters.

One method of adjustment may additionally or alternatively includeconvoluting (e.g., grouping) the calibration current pulses into a setof instances of current pulses organized by characteristics. When thedesign device 46 collects the total response by the battery and by thebattery model 42, the design device 46 may optimize the model parametersbased upon the individual responses in light of other instances ofcalibration current pulses. Through comparing calibration current pulsesagainst other calibration current pulses, relationships between thevalidation attempts and responses may be tracked.

In this way, trade-offs in performance may exist. The design device 46may base adjustments to the battery model 42 and/or the calibrationmodel 44 on such trade-offs that may occur from a design change (e.g.,change in model parameters). For example, in a first current pulse, thedifference between the measured and modeled open circuit voltages 60 maynot exceed a corresponding difference threshold while the differencebetween the measured and modeled battery state exceeds a correspondingdifference threshold. A trade-off may exist where when the battery model42 is adjusted to decrease the difference between the measured batterystate and modeled battery state, the result is that the differencebetween the measured and modeled open circuit voltages 60 may exceed thedifference threshold in the subsequent validation attempts (e.g., cyclesor passes).

Graphical representations may facilitate analyzing the trade-offsbetween calibration current pulse instances, as illustrated in FIG. 9and FIG. 10 . FIG. 9 illustrates a graphical representation 120 thatplots a collection of individual calibration current pulses 122convoluted into a set of instances of calibration current pulsesorganized by pulse characteristics. The calibration current pulses ofthe graphical representation 120 all had a pulse duration of t₁ seconds124, had an initial battery temperature of T₁ 126. The design device 46may plot the calibration current pulses based on the initial batterypercentage charged 128 and the value of the current transmitted throughthe pulse 130. The graphical representation 120 visualizes (e.g., colorcoded) the individual calibration current pulse (e.g., individualcalibration current pulse 122) and how close the difference between themodeled and measured battery state was to the threshold. In someembodiments, visualization depends upon statistical measures of fit. Inother embodiments, the visualization depends upon a coefficient ofdetermination (e.g., r²) between the measured and modeled responseswhere a good rating 132, a better rating 134, and a best rating 136could be bracketed by ranges of the coefficient of determination (e.g.,r²>0.95=best, 0.95>r²>0.9=better, r²<0.9=good).

Similarly, FIG. 10 illustrates a similar graphical representation 120but with changed characteristics. In the graphical representation 120,the collection of calibration current pulses all had a pulse duration oft₂ seconds 138 and an initial battery temperature of T₂ 140. Similar toFIG. 9 , the calibration current pulses are plotted based on the initialbattery percentage charged 128, the value of the current transmittedthrough the pulse 130. The visualization of the graphical representation120 shows the good rating 132, the better rating 134, and the bestrating 136 based on how close the difference between the modeled andmeasured response of the battery was to the threshold. The design device46 may display the graphical representation 120 to facilitate inadjusting the battery model 42 and/or the control application 44. Assuch, the design device 46 may receive indication to select anindividual calibration current pulse 122 via I/O devices 52 (e.g., inputvia mouse or keyboard key). When the individual calibration currentpulse 122 is selected, the design device 46 may operate to display viaI/O device 52 (e.g., monitor, graphics display) additional graphicalrepresentations of the modeled and measured response events. In someembodiments, the additional graphical representation may include a chartcomparing the current of the battery over time where the graphicalrepresentation may compare the performance of the measured response tothe performance of the modeled response. The additional graphicalrepresentations of the responses may facilitate in identifying thetrade-offs, as discussed earlier, since the additional representationsof the response provide additional granularity of measurement.

Returning to discussion on FIG. 6 , through the graphicalrepresentations 120, the additional graphical representations, and/orthe programmed methods, the design device 46 may adjust the batterymodel 42 and/or the control application 44. After the design device 46adjusts the model parameters for battery model 42 and/or the controlapplication 44, taking into account the trade-offs that exist with theadjustment, the design device 46 may transmit the adjusted modelparameters to the battery control system 14 via the communicationcoupling 53. The battery control system 14 via processor 28 stores theadjusted model parameters into the battery model 42. After the adjustedmodel parameters are stored, the design device 46 may continue todetermine the modeled response of the battery to calibration pulses(process block 84). In this manner, the process 80 may repeat until thedifference between the modeled and the measured battery response to thecalibration pulses does not exceed the threshold.

Once the difference does not exceed the difference threshold, the designdevice 46 may indicate validity of battery model 42 and controlapplication 44 (process block 92). The design device 46 may transmit anindication of validity of battery model 42 and control application 44via the I/O devices 52. For example, the indication of validity ofbattery model 42 and control application 44 may transmit to a visualdisplay. Additionally or alternatively, the indication may be stored inbattery control system 14. In some embodiments, the battery controlsystem 14, upon receiving the indication, finalizes and stores the mostrecent determined/validated model parameters to the memory 30. In thisway, the battery control system 14 may access the validated batterymodel 42 during operation of the battery without depending on the designdevice 46. As such, the validated battery model 42 may minimize theerror contribution to the battery control system 14 from the batterymodel 42 and the control application 44.

Thus, the technical effects of the present disclosure includefacilitating improved charging and/or discharging of a battery based onthe battery state, for example, by improving the method of validatingthe modeled performance of a battery. The method describes a validatingthe performance of a battery model and adjusting the battery model basedon graphical representations of calibration current pulses.

The specific embodiments described above have been shown by way ofexample, and it should be understood that these embodiments may besusceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. It should befurther understood that the claims are not intended to be limited to theparticular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications,equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope ofthis disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: an automotive batterysystem, wherein the automotive battery system comprises: a sensorconfigured to determine sensor data indicative of a measured operationalparameter of a battery cell in the automotive battery system; and abattery control system communicatively coupled to the sensor, whereinthe battery control system is configured to determine a measured batterystate by executing a control application based at least in part on themeasured operational parameter; and a design device communicativelycoupled to the automotive battery system, wherein the design devicecomprises a processor programmed to: determine a modeled operationalparameter by supplying a calibration current pulse to a battery modelcorresponding with the battery cell; determine a modeled battery stateby executing a control application based at least in part on the modeledoperational parameter, and adjust model parameters of the battery model,the control application, or both based at least in part on differencebetween the modeled operational parameter and the measured operationalparameter, difference between the modeled battery state and the measuredbattery state, or both.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the controlapplication comprises a state-of-function (SoF) application executableby the processor to determine a charging power limit, a dischargingpower limit, or both associated with the battery cell.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the modeled battery state or the measured battery statedescribes a value representing a discharge current limit of theautomotive battery system, stored energy in the automotive batterysystem divided by a total energy storage capacity of the automotivebattery system, or a capability of the automotive battery system todeliver the stored energy.
 4. The system of claim 1, whereincharacteristics of the calibration current pulse are derived from pulsecharacterization data during the measurement of dynamic power capabilityduring both discharge and charge events.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein the adjusting model parameters of the battery model, the controlapplication, or both comprises adjusting the model parameters based atleast in part on a graphical representation of the calibration currentpulse including a first current pulse and a second current pulse derivedfrom the calibration current pulse and organized a pulse duration timevalue, a current value, an initial percent charged value, and an initialtemperature value.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the battery controlsystem is configured to determine the measured operational parameterbased at least in part on the sensor data received form the sensor. 7.The system of claim 6, wherein the battery model comprises a resistorcapacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model with one or more time variantmodel parameters.
 8. A method for calibrating a battery control system,comprising: determining, using a design device, a calibration currentpulse; instructing, using the design device, a battery systemcorresponding with the battery control system to supply the calibrationcurrent pulse to a battery pack; determining, using the design device, ameasured response of the battery pack resulting from supply of thecalibration current pulse to the battery pack based at least in part onsensor data received from one or more sensors; supplying, using thedesign device, the calibration current pulse to a battery modelcorresponding with the battery pack; determining, using the designdevice, a modeled response resulting from supply of the calibrationcurrent pulse to the battery model; adjusting, using the design device,model parameters of the battery model, a control application used todetermine the modeled response, or both when the difference between themeasured response and the modeled response is greater than a differencethreshold; and storing, using the design device, the battery model, thecontrol application, or both in the battery control system to enablesubsequent use during operation of the battery system when differencebetween the measured response and the modeled response is not greaterthan the difference threshold.
 9. The method of claim 8, whereindetermining the measured response of the battery pack comprisesexecuting the control application based at least in part on the sensordata.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the modeledresponse comprises: determining a parameter resulting from supply of thecalibration current pulse to the battery model; determining the modeledresponse by executing the control application based at least in part onthe parameter, and communicating the modeled response to the designdevice.
 11. The method of claim 8, comprising indicating, using thedesign device, that the battery model, the control application, or bothare validated when difference between the measured response and themodeled response is not greater than the difference threshold via an I/Odevice.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the calibrationcurrent pulse comprises: identifying a driving profile of one or morecurrent pulses expected to occur during operation of the battery pack;determining characteristics of a current pulse from the one or morecurrent pulses; and determining, using the design device, thecalibration current pulse from the characteristics of the current pulse.13. The method of claim 8, wherein adjusting the model parameters of thebattery model, the control application used to determine the modeledresponse, or both comprises: determining a graphical representation ofthe difference between the measured response and the modeled response,wherein the graphical representation visualizes performance trade-offsthat occur from a design change; determining the design change based inpart on the graphical representation of the calibration current pulse;and adjusting the battery model, the control application, or both, basedin part on the design change.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereindetermining the graphical representation of the difference between themeasured response and the modeled response comprises a comparisonbetween the difference between the modeled response and the measuredresponse of the battery pack to the calibration current pulse.
 15. Atangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing instructionsexecutable by one or more processors of a design device, wherein theinstruction comprise instructions to: determine, using the one or moreprocessors, a calibration current pulse; instruct, using the one or moreprocessors, a battery system corresponding with the battery controlsystem to supply the calibration current pulse to a battery pack;determine, using the one or more processors, a measured response of thebattery pack resulting from supply of the calibration current pulsebased at least in part on sensor data received from one or more sensors;supply, using the one or more processors, the calibration current pulseto a battery model corresponding with the battery pack; determine, usingthe one or more processors, a modeled response resulting from supply ofthe calibration current pulse to the battery model; and adjust, usingthe one or more processors, model parameters of the battery model, acontrol application used to determine the modeled response, or both whendifference between the measured response and the modeled response isgreater than a difference threshold; and store, using the one or moreprocessors, the battery model, the control application, or both in thebattery control system to enable subsequent use during operation of thebattery system when difference between the measured response and themodeled response is not greater than the difference threshold.
 16. Thetangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, whereinthe calibration current pulse is derived from one or morecharacteristics expected to occur during operation of the batterysystem.
 17. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 15, wherein the instructions to determine the measured response ofthe battery pack comprise instructions to determine the measuredresponse of the battery pack by executing the control application basedat least in part on the sensor data received from the one or moresensors.
 18. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 15, wherein the modeled response or the measured responsedescribes a value representing a charge current limit of the batterypack, stored energy in the battery pack divided by a total energystorage capacity of the battery pack, or a capability of the batterypack to deliver the stored energy.
 19. The tangible, non-transitory,computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the battery model usestime invariant variables and time variant variables to model the batterypack.
 20. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 15, comprising instructions to instruct an electronic display todisplay a graphical representation of the difference between themeasured response and the modeled response.